Virginia Commonwealth Impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on Health Paper Research on the topic and a proposal. Literature review is a huge part of the

Virginia Commonwealth Impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on Health Paper Research on the topic and a proposal. Literature review is a huge part of the paper as it will help with the rest of the assignment.

1. APA writing style

2. Table of content

Introduction & research question. Each student will submit an introduction for their proposal that includes the research questions, significance and purpose of the study, and relevance to social work.

Literature review should be 7 pages so that should take lots of pages. It should have 3 main points and 2-3 paragraphs under. See the example. I think if you are writing relevance and follow the example you should be good. At least 19-20 pages depending on what you write and the perfection of the work. You don’t have to do the 26 pages as the example.

Literature Review. In order to understand your client population and their issues, you need to review the scholarly literature (journals, books, government databases, etc). Your search should include a history of the issue, previous/current social work interventions (or lack thereof) aimed at addressing the issue, statistical documentation of the extent of the problem, and any policy affecting this issue and any critical analysis of social or current policy. Based on what you learn from the literature, what is still not known about the topic that you will investigate? Writing the literature review requires that you assess, organize and synthesize a wide range of retrieved information and not summarize each article in detail separately.

Method.

Sample/participants: describe characteristics of sample and criteria for selection

Research design including hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, operational definitions

Procedure

Instrument

Data analysis/Outcome measures

Appendix A

Appendix B RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Introduction & research question. Each student will submit an introduction for their proposal
that includes the research questions, significance and purpose of the study, and relevance to
social work. You will need to generate 5 quantitative and 2 qualitative questions.
Literature Review. In order to understand your client population and their issues, you need to
review the scholarly literature (journals, books, government databases, etc). Your search should
include a history of the issue, previous/current social work interventions (or lack thereof) aimed
at addressing the issue, statistical documentation of the extent of the problem, and any policy
affecting this issue and any critical analysis of social or current policy. Based on what you learn
from the literature, what is still not known about the topic that you will investigate? Writing the
literature review requires that you assess, organize and synthesize a wide range of retrieved
information and not summarize each article in detail separately.
Method.
Sample/participants: describe characteristics of sample and criteria for selection
Research design including hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, operational
definitions
Procedure
Instrument
Data analysis/Outcome measures
Appendix A
Appendix B
NOTE: PAPER SHOPULD BE WRITTEN IN APA FORMAT. INTEXT CITATION IS A
MUST. DO NOT SUMMARIZE THE ARTICLE OR YOUR OPINION
REFERNCES
1. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Walker J, Whitfield, CL, Bremner JD, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH.
The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood: A Convergence
of Evidence from Neurobiology and Epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and
Clinical Neurosciences, 2006; 256(3):174-86
2. Dube SR, Miller JW, Brown DW, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Anda RF. Adverse
Childhood Experiences and the Association with Ever Using Alcohol and Initiating Alcohol Use
During Adolescence. . Journal of Adolescent Health, 2006;38(4):444.e1-444.e10.
3. Congressional Briefing. Anda, RF and Felittii, VJ. Adverse Childhood Experiences as a
National Public Health Problem. Sponsored by the American Academy of Pediatrics and The
Family Violence Prevention Fund. Capitol Hill, Washington, DC. April 18, 2006.
4. Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Williamson DF, Dube SR, Brown DW, Giles WH. Impact of
residential mobility during childhood on health in adults: The hidden role of Adverse Childhood
Experiences. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2005;159:1104-1110.
5. Edwards VJ, Anda RF, Dube SR, Dong M, Chapman DF, Felitti VJ. The wide-ranging health
consequences of adverse childhood experiences. In: K Kendall-Tackett and S Giacomoni, eds.
Child Victimization: Maltreatment, Bullying, and Dating Violence Prevention and Intervention,
Kingston, NJ:Civic Research Institute;2005:8-1-8-12.
6. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF. The impact of adverse childhood
experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900.
Preventive Medicine. 2003;37(3):268-77.
7. Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Brown, D. W., Chapman, D., Dong, M., Dube, S. R., … & Giles, W.
H. (2006). Insights into intimate partner violence from the adverse childhood experiences (ACE)
study. Anonymous The Physician’s Guide to Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse, 77-88.
8. Chanlongbutra, A., Singh, G. K., & Mueller, C. D. (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences,
Health-Related Quality of Life, and Chronic Disease Risks in Rural Areas of the United States.
Journal Of Environmental And Public Health, 2018, 7151297. https://doiorg.akin.css.edu/10.1155/2018/7151297
9. Schauss, Eraina, Greg Horn, Frances Ellmo, Tegan Reeves, Haley Zettler, Debra Bartelli, Pam
Cogdal, and Steven West. 2019. “Fostering Intrinsic Resilience: A Neuroscience-Informed
Model of Conceptualizing and Treating Adverse Childhood Experiences.” Journal of Mental
Health Counseling 41 (3): 242. doi:10.17744/mehc.41.3.04.
10. Bellis, M. A., Ashton, K., Hughes, K., Ford, K. J., Bishop, J., & Paranjothy, S. (2016).
Adverse childhood experiences and their impact on health-harming behaviors in the Welsh adult
population. Public Health Wales NHS Trust.
11. Doyle, C., & Cicchetti, D. (2017). From the Cradle to the Grave: The Effect of Adverse
Caregiving Environments on Attachment and Relationships Throughout the Lifespan. Clinical
Psychology: Science & Practice, 24(2), 203–217. https://doiorg.akin.css.edu/10.1111/cpsp.12192
12. Cambron, Christopher, Christina Gringeri, and Mary Beth Vogel-Ferguson. 2014. “Physical
and Mental Health Correlates of Adverse Childhood Experiences among Low-Income Women.”
Health & Social Work 39 (4): 221–29. doi:10.1093/hsw/hlu029.
13. Larkin, Heather, Eunju Lee, Nina Esaki, Mary DeMasi, Shawn Trifoso, Katharine BriarLawson, Erica Dean, et al. 2018. “The Effects of Protective Factors and Adverse Childhood
Experiences on Behavioral Health Services Use: Findings from a Population-Based Sample.”
Social Work in Health Care, May. doi:10.1080/00981389.2018.1471016.
14. DAVIDSON, GAVIN, JOHN DEVANEY, and TREVOR SPRATT. 2010. “The Impact of
Adversity in Childhood on Outcomes in Adulthood.” Journal of Social Work 10 (4): 369.
http://search.ebscohost.com.akin.css.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=53920737&site=
eds-live&scope=site.
Running head: FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
Research Proposal: Life Skills Training for Youth in Foster Care
NAME
1
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
2
Table of Contents
Page 1: Title Page
Page 2: Table of Contents
Page 3: Abstract
Pages 4-14: Literature Review
Page 4: Initial Removal
Page 6: Mental Health
Page 8: Physical Health
Page 10: Education
Page 11: Employment
Page 13: Aging out of the System
Pages 15-19: Research Proposal
Page 15: Introduction to Research Proposal and Relevance to Social Work
Page 16: Method and Sample
Page 17: Procedure
Page 18: Instrument and Data Analysis
Page 19: Implications to Social Work and Conclusion
Pages 20-21: Appendix i: Informed Consent
Pages 22-25: Appendix ii: Instrument
Pages 26-27: References
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
3
Abstract
Children who are in foster care face a multitude of challenges. This proposal will briefly
examine five major areas: (a) initial removal from care, (b) mental and physical health, (c)
education, (d) employment, and (e) transition from foster care. For each identified problem area,
there will be discussion of potential interventions that can take place. Research concluded that
additional services are needed in order to properly transition youth from foster care to
independent living. The proposed research aims to bridge the gap in services that foster care
youth experience by providing life skills training beginning at the age of fifteen. It is believed
that interventions targeting youth in this age group will increase positive outcomes in education,
employment, and transition from foster care. Quantitative and qualitative research methods will
be used.
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
4
Literature Review: Challenges Facing Children in Foster Care
Children who are entering and exiting the foster care system are faced with a unique set
of challenges. These challenges come at the hands through many systems in which they interact
with. There are approximately “463,000 children and youth in foster care in the United States,
and 285,000 children leave the foster care system every year” (Chaney & Spell, 2015). With
such high numbers of children entering and exiting the foster care system, there needs to be
reform within the systems that they interact with to reduce exposure to negative outcomes.
Interventions put into place for children who are in foster care will reduce the challenges that
they experience.
Initial Removal
A large challenge for children in foster care is being removed from their biological
caregivers or parents. This can be a trauma in addition to the trauma(s) that they have
experienced, such as abuse or neglect, which resulted in their removal from care. In a study
conducted by Chaney and Spell (2015), women were asked about the experiences that they had
in foster care. One woman reported that although she was young (five years old), she was never
given an explanation on why she was removed from her parent’s care. Her stay in foster care was
relatively short, at six months she was returned home, but now as an adult it is something that
still has a negative impact on her life. She reported that she has gone to therapy in attempt to
figure out why she was removed from care and still has trouble processing the experience.
This demonstrates the importance of the initial contact that Child Protective Services
(CPS) has with children as well as the impact that being removed from familial care can have.
Children are often removed from areas that they know to go and live with families that they do
not know. Foster families may have different traditions, cultures, and beliefs from a child’s
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
5
biological family. They are exceptions to this, such as when children are placed into kinship care.
Kinship care is when Child Protective Services places the child with a relative, such as a
grandmother, or a very close family friend. Kinship caregivers allow the child to maintain
relationships with their families, although, caregivers “may lack the capacity for the amount/type
of nurturance and empathy youth in foster/kinship care need” (Jackson, O’Brian, Pecora, 2011).
Additional placements can also include group homes, which present their own
challenges. McCrae, Lee, Barth, and Rauktis explain that there have been reports of abuse
occurring in group homes and children can experience “negative peer effects from [group home]
settings” (2010). Group homes are often where CPS places children who have behavioral
challenges. Children who enter group homes are often older than children who are placed in
traditional foster care settings (McCrae, Lee, Barth, Rauktis, 2010). Critically thinking about the
mindset of this population, it may be difficult for children to thrive in this type of environment,
as they are exposed to children who exhibit higher risk behaviors. Children may not be given the
support that they need to thrive.
Interventions
Children in foster care deserve to know what is happening to them and what they should
expect moving forward. Stronger communication between the social worker, child, and other
supports should be the first intervention put into place. Communicating with the child about their
experiences, options, and what will happen to them, is necessary for the child to feel like they
have a say in their life. Large decisions are often made for this population without the children
having a say. Listening to them can create a stronger bond with the social worker and foster
family, while also increasing the child’s self-esteem. When communicating with children, it is
important to use language that they will understand. As noted, stronger communication, even
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
6
with a child who is five years old, can make a difference in the way that they interpret their
experiences (Chaney, Spell, 2015).
Studies have attempted to do this by qualitatively gathering information from children on
their experiences. This data is then used to impact policies and information given to case workers
and foster families. Such studies include those conducted by Scannapieco, Connell-Carrick, and
Painter (2007), who found that major issues that children face are not being aware of their
timeline, not being communicated on the different services that are available to them, and unmet
social-emotional needs. Other studies have been completed by Mitchell, Jones and Renema
(2014), who have completed ongoing longitudinal studies with youth that are faced with
transitioning from foster care. Their studies provided youth a place to feel heard and has
connected them with an opportunity to make a difference. They facilitate a youth advisory panel,
which has assisted youth in talking to policy makers and getting to know other children who
were in foster care.
Mental Health
Children in foster care can demonstrate symptoms of a wide range of mental health
disorders. These symptoms can often be reactive and externalized (Pavkov, Hug, Lourie,
Negash, 2010). Some researchers state that as many as “37% were clinically diagnosed as
emotionally disturbed following discharge from foster care,” (Scannapieco, Connell-Carrick,
Painter, 2007) which is backed up by Pavkov, Hug, Lourie, and Negash, who state that “the
number of youth in foster care with emotional, behavioral, or developmental challenges stands at
approximately 30%” (2010). Beyerlein and Bloch further state that children who are in foster
care have “chronic and complex child traumatic experiences, which is associated with an
increased risk of mental health problems and vulnerabilities” (2014). If foster parents do not
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
7
practice trauma informed care, the children and foster parents can be at risk for additional
challenges due to not fully understanding the reasons behind the behaviors. Trauma informed
care ensures that everyone in the child’s system is aware of the effects that trauma has. This can
then lead to the appropriate responses (Beyerlein and Bloch, 2014). According to the researchers,
many agencies do not routinely screen for trauma, and as a result, disorders such as PostSecondary Trauma Disorder can go undetected and untreated.
The instability that is experienced by foster care youth can add an additional risk factor to
their mental health. Beyerlein and Bloch (2014) cite findings that as the rate of placement
changes increases, so do problem behaviors. An average child in foster care moves four times.
They discuss reasons for foster home changes being a lack of skill in the caregiver, placements
not matching with the child, and policy requirements.
Foster placements are often regarded as a safe place for children, but, in many states,
there is a shortage of providers. This can result in lax screening practices, and can create adverse
effects on children who are in care. Jackson, O’Brian, and Pecora (2011) cite that only “24 states
met national performance standards for preventing child maltreatment (re-victimization) by
foster parents or facility staff… [while] five states did not comply with reporting standards.” The
researchers found a surprising amount of foster care alumni who experienced maltreatment while
in foster care—31% to be exact (Jackson, O’Brian, Pecora, 2011). Children are placed in care
with the expectation that they will not be exposed to the maltreatment that caused them to be
removed from familial care. When they are exposed to maltreatment, it can create a higher risk
for mental health symptoms. Females, in general, can be at a higher risk for re-victimization,
especially in the areas of emotional and sexual abuse (Jackson, O’Brian, Pecora, 2011).
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
8
Physical Health
According to several studies, almost half of the children in care have a disabling or
chronic medical condition (Scannapieco, Connell-Carrick, Painter, 2007; Greiner, Ross, Brown,
Beal, Sherman, 2015). Greiner, Ross, Brown, Beal, and Sherman also state that “one-third to half
are estimated to have a developmental delay” (2015). The researchers discuss the challenges that
foster parents face when it comes to children that are in their care. These challenges pose as a
particular frustration for the parents, but have an obvious impact on the children in getting the
medical care that they need. Many foster parents are not given adequate information on the
medical history of the child, their diagnoses, medications, or therapies. Some foster parents in
their study state that they have had difficulty in obtaining medical records or information such as
the child’s medical cards. If a child is moving schools, they may need record of certain things
such as their shot records. If a medical concern comes up and a child needs to go to the doctor, it
is important that foster parents have access to get the children the care that they need.
Medications can be an additional challenge. Pavkov, Hug, Lourie, Negash (2011) state
that birth parents and guardians may not be notified that their child is taking a medication. Some
cultures do not believe in medications, which can further implicate the situation. If a parent still
has legal custody of a child, they should have the right to have a voice in what they would like
for their child. The study also found that when children are being prescribed new medications,
they are often not being monitored for side effects.
Interventions
A general intervention that can be taken is stronger attention to the mental health needs of
children. This can be done by completing trauma informed screenings at the time of the child’s
entry into the system, and additional screenings periodically (Beyerlein and Bloch, 2014). This
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
9
can also be done through therapeutic foster care, which is a foster home that employs parents
who are exposed to additional training and support through their licensing institution. In theory,
therapeutic foster care would be best for children who are displaying increased mental health
symptoms. The foster parents would have the skills to deescalate the child and get them the
services that they need. However, this may not always be the case. A study conducted by
Pavkov, Hug, Lourie, and Negash (2010) found that treatment foster care placements had the
same challenges and inconsistencies that traditional foster care placements had. They suspect this
is largely because of “poor assessment practice… [leading] to inadequate or fragmented
treatment” (2010). In addition, they state that although therapy is an aspect of this type of home,
they only found psychotherapy being completed in “65% of the cases” (Pavkov, Hug, Lourie,
Negash, 2010). The lack of therapy, as well as the lack of proper administration of this program,
can be due to the cost to provide the service. Additionally, many states may not have adequate
capacity to monitor the program or the children in it (Pavkov, Hug, Lourie, and Negash, 2010).
Future studies need to be completed on what aspects of the current system need to change in
order for this program to work effectively. If used in the way that it is meant to, many of the
concerns that we are seeing with the youth may subside. Such concerns surpass addressing their
mental and physical health needs. When health concerns are addressed the youth can then focus
on the goals that they would like to accomplish, such as finishing school or obtaining gainful
employment.
As stated, many of the children who are in foster care have been to several homes. Foster
care agencies have a duty to ensure that foster parents and children are set up for success. This
includes providing adequate medical information. Much of the problems that foster parents face
in regards to medical care can be prevented by being provided with full medical histories and
FOSTER CARE PROPOSAL
10
medical card information. This information can be kept on file at the foster agency. If biological
parents sign a release of protected health information, social workers would also be able to get
the information that they need.
On a policy level, doctors, pediatricians, and therapists can assist foster parents in getting
the information that they need by “facilitating a record gathering and record review” (Greiner,
Ross, Brown, Beal, Sherman, 2015). In which providers use their resources and skills in
obtaining a more accurate medical record for children who are in foster care. This can serve
foster parents by getting them the information that they need, rather than relying on a foster
parent’s intuition and self-diagnoses to deal with youth. They state that providers can also assist
foster children and parents by being aware of the resourc…
Purchase answer to see full
attachment